Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (abbreviated as Pak. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci.) is an international research journal that is published on a quarterly basis by International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development - iRASD. PJHSS publishes double-blind and peer-reviewed research in specific fields of humanities and social sciences and is committed to providing open access to all its published content. PJHSS publishes research based on its originality, importance, interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, elegance, and surprising conclusions. PJHSS has been publishing since 2013. Publisher: International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development - iRASD Frequency: Quarterly Access: Open Medium: Print and Online Publication Charges: Click HERE for information Peer Review Process: Double-blind Online ISSN: 2415-007X Print ISSN: 2709-801X
International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development iRASD
A Unique Model of Governance and Market Accessibility: How PSBA Stands Apart from All Other Public Welfare Bodies in Pakistan
In this paper, the author discusses the Punjab Sahulat Bazaars Authority (PSBA) as a special system of governance and accessibility to markets, which is unlike all other state welfare institutions in Pakistan. The study relies on the qualitative methodology and uses government reports, official documents, third-party assessments, and independent media to evaluate the legal, financial, and working performance of PSBA. Transformative initiatives launched by PSBA under the strategic management of Naveed Rafaqat Ahmad were real-time price boards, solar-powered infrastructure, inclusive vendor policies which enabled women traders and mobile bazaars which served those areas which were underserved. The results indicate that PSBA continues to outcompete ideal organizations with regards to price control, digital advancement, and service provision, offering customers up to 35 percent discounts over market prices. This paper finds that PSBA is a citizen-based institutional model, which is empowered by law and provides comprehensive transparency, is an eminent model to be replicated in other emergent economies in regards to their public welfare and market efficiency. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the study finds PSBA’s affordability innovations and governance structure to be significantly distinct from peer institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeel Ahmad Aamir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Self-Directed Learning: A Concept Analysis
Nurses must demonstrate self-directed learning competencies. Nursing education strongly depends on self-directed learning because it promotes academic achievement as well as future adaptability. This study investigates self-directed learning in nursing education through whole-scale concept analysis to describe autonomy together with motivation, goal orientation, self-evaluation, and critical thinking as essential characteristics to evaluate their antecedents and consequences and establish their measurable indicators. This research meets the requirement for independent learning techniques in nursing education through its solution of theoretical-to-clinical knowledge. This research used Walker and Avant’s eight-step concept analysis methodology to perform a systematic review of published studies. The research evaluated the main characteristics while studying both necessary conditions and essential effects together with concrete examples of self-directed learning. The research utilized quantitative together with qualitative data outcomes for synthesis purposes. The researchers identified autonomy, self-motivation, initiative, goal orientation, self-assessment and critical thinking as six main attributes. The study involved evaluating empirical referents to analyze the practical usage of the concept. The research findings established that nursing education becomes more effective when self-directed learning methods are incorporated. Educational ownership became accessible for students because of the attributes that included autonomy along with self-motivation and initiative, goal orientation, self-assessment and critical thinking. Three key components which served as antecedents were students' desire to learn, their clear understanding of personal learning needs and goals along with having appropriate resources to study. The educational process led to better academic performance together with enhanced skills development as well as increased self-confidence and independent learning and the establishment of life-long learning competencies. Integrating self-directed learning practices in nursing education and clinical work will result in better academic results and superior patient care outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumayya Bibi, Zareena Parveen, Asifa Jamil, Mehreen Aslam, Azra Mehmood http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study of Workplace Bullying and Emotional Strain among Teachers at Universities
The objective of this study is to examines the prevalence of workplace bullying among university teachers at universities in South Punjab, Pakistan. The research further investigates differences in perceptions of workplace bullying and explores emotional burden on teachers’ overall productivity. The current study employed a quantitative research design. The study population covered 207 two hundred and seventeen teachers from three public universities. The sample was selected using simple random sampling from 150 teachers working in faculty of Social Sciences at public universities. The data was collected through a structure questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics t-test through SPSS Software to observe the workplace bullying trends. The results indicated that verbal abuse, intimidation, social exclusion, and psychological manipulation are prevalent forms of workplace bullying. However, the findings revealed no significant gender-based differences in perceptions of workplace bullying. Based on the results, this study recommended that universities should establish anti-bullying policies, structured reporting mechanisms, training programs, and psychological support services to promote a safe and respectful work environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shanzy Saeed, Samina Akhtar, Maham Imtiyaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Role of Livestream Shopping and M-Commerce in Enhancing Humanitarian Logistics
The purpose of this study is to examine the Livestream Shopping (Livestreaming) and M-Commerce adoption and their feasibility for enhancing Humanitarian Logistics in Pakistan. The research combines the Technology Acceptance model (TAM) and the Stimulus Organism Response model to understand consumer behavior, the digital engagement and the long term adoption trends understanding. Pakistani consumers engaged in digital transactions were surveyed using a quantitative, cross sectional design. The key factors influencing M Commerce adoption were analyzed in terms of key factors using SPSS and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). These findings indicate how the perceived usefulness and social presence have a huge impact on consumers attitudes towards the use of the digital platforms. However, without trust or security concerns, merely ease to use does not equate adoption. Although there are many who express a hesitance in retail fraud, this agreement also shows the importance that more cybersecurity measures and trust building initiatives are underway. Additionally, digital engagement is even more influenced by behavioral intention of M-Commerce adoption as habit formation works only as a singular predictor of sustained engagement. The study serves as a call to develop regulatory frameworks as well as digital security measures and personalized consumer engagement strategies by governments and developers to create the ground to build that confidence in M-Commerce transactions. Moreover, M-commerce can also help the humanitarian logistics to provide a more efficient way of disaster response and region resource allocation. Further research should be conducted in longitudinal studies to investigate how future the transaction role of trust and habitual usage will play out. (219 WORDS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Sohaib uz Zaman , Junaid, Syed Hasnain Alam, Umair Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Hassan Kamal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Association Between Big Five Model of Personality and Hopelessness: A Cross-sectional Investigation on Varsity Male Football Athletes
Similar to physical health, the psychological health of varsity student athletes is of utmost importance as it has the ability to directly impact their overall academic performance and physical well-being. Particularly, personality traits and the feelings of hopelessness might fall among the key psychological factors that may significantly influence their overall quality of life. However, as per our knowledge, to date no past study has been initiated or conducted to investigate the interplay between BFMP and hopelessness among varsity male football players. Therefore, to investigate the association between BFMP and hopelessness among varsity male football players was the main focus of this study. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed to investigate the relationship between BFMP and hopelessness among varsity male football athletes. A demographics questionnaire, Hopelessness-Inventory-5 (HI-5) and Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) were employed for gathering data. The results attained from the hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed novel findings. The ANOVA table indicated that the BFMP moderately predicted hopelessness among varsity male football athletes. Whereas, from the BFMP, only the trait agreeableness was substantially negatively associated with hopelessness among varsity male football athletes. This suggested that participants that scored high on agreeableness trait might possess lower hopelessness levels. Utilizing these findings, future researchers, relevant scholars, sports psychologists and coaches may be able to develop specified mental health interventions to counter psychological problems, particularly hopelessness among varsity male football athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wajid Baig, Fariq Ahmed, Asif Ali, Muhammad Azam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Dynamics of Work from Home (WFH): Examining the Impact of Job Motiva-tion, Mental Well-being, Work Environment, and Personality on Employee Produc-tivity
The changing operating environment of working life and megatrends, such as digitaliza-tion, have strongly increased the proportion of time- and place-independent working methods in an expert organization in recent years. The study aims to examine the impact of job motivation, mental well-being, work environment, and personality on employee productivity. The data has been collected from a sample of 150 from the IT expert tar-geted population. The Smart PLS software has been used to analyse the data and conduct the operations. The five hypotheses are proven. It shares that the environmental ele-ments in the WFH setup have a positive impact on the productivity of work. All hypothesis proved that mental fitness increases in WFH setup that has a positive impact on the productivity of work. It shows that organizations can use work-from-home support in dealing with the challenges of the workplace and supporting better productivity. More communication skills and better use of alignment are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Nazneen Waseem, Syeda Areej Iqbal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of the Falkland Islands in UK–Argentina Relations
The Falkland Islands, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, have both claimed and continously shaped the complex and often fraught diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina. A contested British Overseas Territory, the islands are referred to in Argentina as Islas Malvina, representing colonial relics and wounds of national identity. This paper looks at the Falkland Islands’ diverse importance in UK–Argentina relations concerning history, geopolitics, legality, economy, and culture. Starting with colonial sovereignty claims, the paper incorporates the evolution of the dispute with the 1982 Falklands War, which resulted in enduring and militarized bilateral trauma and transformed diplomatic positions, advance mandates from rigid posturing to pseudo-relatives engagement frameworks. This body of work analyses the conflict under international law focusing on the tensions created by the principle of territorial integrity put forth by Argentina and the UK’s position on the right to self-determination, surrounding the 2013 referendum where 99.8% of Falklanders voted to remain British. This economic aspect looks at the dispute regarding the exploitation of fisheries and prospective oil reserves, its strategic value in British defense policy, and Argentina's use of regional alliances alongside soft power and sanctions. Additionally, it looks at the socio-symbolic dimension of the Falklands conflict in the two countries’ national psyche, the impact of Brexit on British foreign policy toward the South Atlantic, and the changing role of other parties like the UN or Latin American regional groups. The paper claims that, despite the recurring disputes, this conflict is best understood as one that has entered a “frozen conflict” state; there is no real possibility of confrontation, but neither is there any willingness to resolve it unless some significant political change occurs. From this standpoint, the Falkland Islands are not just a dispute territory. Instead, they serve as a benchmark for the competing narratives of grave concerns of territory, sovereignty, post-colonial identity, diplomacy, and regional security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Abbas, Mahnoor Intizar, Sobia Nasir Shafiq, Farooq Arshad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Leadership and Digital Transformation: The Role of Change Readiness, Person-Organization Fit, and Person-Job Fit
Technological artificial intelligence and digitalization are rapidly transforming business environments across the globe, compelling organizations to reassess their strategies, structures, and leadership approaches. In this context, the present study examines the impact of two critical leadership styles, digital leadership (DL) and digital transformational leadership (DTL), on the process of digital transformation (DT) within organizations, specifically through the mediating role of change readiness (CR). Furthermore, this study explores the moderating effects of person-organization fit (POF) and person-job fit (PJF) on these relationships. To analyze these relationships, researchers targeted the information and communication technology (ICT) industry in Pakistan. The study targeted 150 ICT firms, and survey-based questionnaires will be implemented with 350 employees. Researchers employed SmartPLSv4.1.1.2 to analyze first-hand survey-based data. Grounded in transformational leadership theory (TLT), the findings are expected to reveal that DL and DTL significantly contribute to building a robust organizational culture that is conducive to digital transformation. Moreover, CR plays a critical mediating role, highlighting the psychological and behavioral preparedness of employees to embrace digital initiatives. Moreover, POF and PJF play a moderating role and boost the impact of CR on DT. Finally, this research emphasized theoretical and practical implications and ensured that these efforts are crucial to sustain innovation, competitiveness, and long-term success in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tasnim Khan, Nabila Asghar, Hafeez ur Rehman, Iqra Abbas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphological Comparison of Urdu and Persian in the Pakistani National Anthem
This study explores the comparative analysis of Persian and Urdu in Pakistani national anthem (Qoumi Taranna). In relation to the previous researches, this research addressed the overlooked area of linguistics that is “morphology” – offering a unique analysis between the two languages. Using a qualitative design, the study examined the prominence and functions of compounding, derivational morphology, inflectional morphology, morphemic origin, and the criterion of affixation integrated in the framework of Urdu (Pakistani national anthem). The analysis reveals a strong prominence of Persian morphological influence in the national anthem, highlighting the formality and cultural significance. The finding underscores the national anthem as a source of national pride reflecting the strong language bonding of Persian-Urdu as a morphological continuum. However, this study also helps to understand the cross-linguistics morphological fusion and offers a novel perspective in the area of linguistics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zafreen Ali Mirza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Tourists Intentions to Revisit Hunza Valley
The tourism industry has grown rapidly and has become one of the world's quickest growing economic sectors. This study aims to examine antecedents of revisit intention to Hunza Valley. Aesthetic experience is vital in nature-based tourism and strengthens to visitor behavior, yet there is less empirical research on aesthetic experiences. Tourist’s motivation, destination personality, destination aesthetics, and cognitive perception are used as independent variables, destination familiarity as a moderator and attitude towards destination as a mediator to assess visitor propensity to return. The survey gathered data from 554 tourists who explored Hunza at least once. The research is quantitative in nature. The proposed framework is assessed using the Smart PLS software. To test hypotheses, structural modelling and bootstrapping approaches are applied. The study determines that destination personality, destination aesthetics, and tourist motivation have a substantial positive impact on tourist’s attitude towards destination. On the other hand, cognitive perception has a negative impact on tourist’s attitude. Destination familiarity does not moderate the relationship between attitudes and revisit intention. Destination aesthetics, destination personality and motivation have a substantial positive effect on revisit intention. However, cognitive perception has a negative impact on revisit intention. Attitude towards destination mediates the relationship between destination aesthetics, tourist motivation, destination personality and revisit intention. Attitude towards destination does not mediate the relationship between cognitive perceptions and revisit intention. This research will help Destination Management Organizations to analyze repeat visitation patterns. The results support previous theories. This study adds to the body of research literature by evaluating Hunza Valley as tourist’s destination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nida Athar, Muhammad Haroon Hafeez, Hashir Afzal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Prolonged Grief Disorder on Experiential Avoidance in Parentally Bereaved Emerging Adults and the Moderating Role of Coping Skills
A person's relationship with their parents is one of the most wonderful things that can happen to them. This study primarily focused on individuals who have lost this precious relation in childhood. The objective of the research was to explore the relationship between experiential avoidance and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in parentally bereaved emerging adults, and to determine the moderating role of coping skills in relationship between experiential avoidance and PGD. The study was quantitative in nature and research design of the study was correlational experimental design. For this purpose, Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Brief COPE Inventory, and PG13-r were used. The total of 200 participants who were parentally bereaved emerging adults (67 males and 133 females) from Karachi, Pakistan were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed significant association between experiential avoidance and PGD. It concluded experiential avoidance is significantly a predictor of emotion-focused and avoidant-focused coping whereas, problem-focused coping skills play a moderating role between both the variables. The findings proved the type of coping style an individual use can determine experiential avoidance and PGD. This research conclusively provided parentally bereaved emerging adults will involve in experiential avoidance that will lead to any of the coping skills; problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant-focused. This, in turn, may lead to PGD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoor Farooqui, Hira Abbas, Daniya Abdul Maroof http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Global Dystopias and Colonial Continuities: Reimagining Resistance and Unveiling Neocolonial Structures through Cross-Cultural Analysis of Animated Short Films
This article aims to examine neocolonialism in dystopian animated short films from multiple countries, highlighting its entrenchment within a colonial matrix of hierarchization and systemic destabilization through the continued perpetuation of colonial legacies. The study employs a descriptive, cross-cultural qualitative analysis of ten selected dystopian animated short films, namely Swipe, Shehr e Tabassum, What is Your Brown Number?, Living in a Masked Society, Children, Urbance, Model Citizen, Being Pretty, Avarya, and No Monsters, produced between 2010 and 2022. The findings posit that these films reveal and critique the persistent inequalities and systemic destabilization affecting non-Western states in a postcolonial context. They expose how dystopian fiction, through futuristic imaginaries, critiques forms of domination and oppression still exercised on formerly colonized societies, including totalitarianism, racism, and social subjection. These insights can guide policymakers and cultural institutions in acknowledging and addressing the lingering neocolonial hierarchies embedded in global cultural production, as well as in promoting narratives that resist such hegemonic frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shanzae Niazi, Sidra Musharraf, Sonia Irum http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Inclusive Finance as a Catalyst for Technological Innovation in Small and Medium Enterprises in Pakistan
This paper looks into how digital inclusive finance influences technological innovation among small and medium sized enterprises in Pakistan (SMEs). Using a quantitative method, the study employs property data of 32 SMEs, listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange in 2020-2024. The proposed longitudinal study will provide a chance to compare the changes in the digital financial engagement, and the result of innovation with the course of time. In addition to investigating the mediating role played by the monetary constraints, the key goal is ensuring there is a complex interaction between the technical innovativeness by the SMEs and digital financial services. It has been established that digital inclusive financing can significantly and positively affect technological innovation. Financial inclusion in digital form is also discovered to be fit under lesser financing constraints within firms. The restriction in the provision of funds, in its turn, has adverse and significant influence on innovation. The study revealed that technological innovation increases marginally by about 0.452 percent per 1 percent of increase in digital financial inclusion. Having matched the effects of digital financial inclusion to a funding constraint, it continued to have a significant impact on innovation (with possible linear and non-linear effects (via alleviation of constraints)). These results are similar to other research studies regarding the importance of having gone past the financing bottlenecks in an attempt to reach more innovation and shows that SMEs can employ digital inclusive finance to find a way to curb their financing bottleneck and make their technology more popular. The results are expected to contribute to further knowledge on the Pakistani SME sector and give practical knowledge to policy makers and monetary institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Ahmad, Maira Asif, Hadaiqa Lodhi, Zara Qaiser, Javaria Asim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Translation and Validation of Adolescent Personality Questionnaire: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Personality assessments are reliable method to measure the behavior, potential and individual differences among the human beings. The present study aims to translate and validate the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire into Urdu for the sample of adolescents in the context of Pakistan. Adolescent Personality Questionnaire adapted by Rogers & Glendon (2018) is one the world well renowned questionnaire to assessing personality. The scale comprising on 25 items with five subscales, measure five personality traits namely, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness. The study aimed to ensure the Urdu translation accurately reflected the original English version and to confirm its factor structure in a sample of (N=410) adolescents’ aged 13-18 years. The study employed a two-step process. First, the APQ was translated into Urdu using a forward-backward translation method to ensure linguistic equivalence. A pilot study indicated good reliability for both the English (?=0.85) and Urdu (?=0.96) versions. Cross-language validation, assessed after a two-week interval using Pearson's correlation, the findings showed a significant positive relationship (r=0.88) between the two versions of APQ. The second step involved examining the psychometric properties of the Urdu APQ with the main sample. By using correlational method scale item total correlation is highly significant, and confirmatory factor analysis validated the factor structure of a measurement model. The validated version of APQ would be helpful for the researchers and mental health professional in context of using culturally sensitive diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazia Jahangir, Aneela Maqsood http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Entrepreneurial Activities, ICT and Energy Consumption in the Economic Growth: An Econometric Evidence of EU Countries
The objective of the study to develop the linkages between economic growth (GDP), energy consumption, information and communication technology (ICT), and total entrepreneurial activities (TEA) in 17 European Union countries over the period 2000-2023. Annual data were analyzed using co-integration tests such as Fisher, Kao, Westerlund, and Pedroni to determine the long-term relationship among the variables. The study also employed PMG to examine the long-run elasticities, as well as DOLS and DMOLS for robustness. The results indicated that increased entrepreneurial activities, energy consumption, and ICT lead to growth in GDP in the EU region. This means that in the current situation, entrepreneurial activities strongly contribute to robust economic growth, which may result in developing sustainable, stable and progressive societies/economies. Furthermore, the study noted bidirectional causality running between the considered variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzada Adeel, Zeeshan Arshad, Kaleem Ahmed, Sami Ullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Voices on the Wheels: A Semiotic Analysis of Vehicular Discourse in Punjab, Pakistan
This research examines the inscriptions that are printed on the vehicles in different cities of Punjab. Using Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of signs, it analyzes the manner in which these messages function as semiotic signals, thereby revealing deeper meanings that are embedded in the local, social, political, cultural, and religious contexts. The sample size consisted of inscriptions on fifteen vehicles across multiple highways, and were analyzed to identify recurrent themes, symbols, and cultural narratives that represent the values and identity of the local population. The findings reveal that these mobile inscriptions go beyond mere decoration or humor, and they reflect drivers' identities, express spiritual beliefs, voice socio-political grievances, and challenge societal norms. By transforming ordinary vehicles into mobile billboards of public emotion, this research demonstrates how individuals engage in public environments to generate meaning. This research is interdisciplinary in nature as it bridges between sociolinguistics, discourse studies, and cultural semiotics by emphasizing vehicle discourse as a primary but understudied form of popular discourse in Pakistan as well as urban South Asia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manal Arshad, Ishbah Aziz, Rafia Bilal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Anthropomorphism in AI: ChatGPT’s Impact on Travel Services Using the SOR Model
The objective of the study is to examine the application of the SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model and the influence of ChatGPT's anthropomorphic characteristics on users' perceptions and the establishment of trust in the tool within the tourism sector. The study also aims to investigate the relationship between tourists' happiness derived from interacting with ChatGPT and their intention to continue using it. The study employs a systematic sampling method collecting data from 201 tourists through an online survey. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SPSS was performed to analyze relationships among variables. The results show that tourists are much more likely to believe and like ChatGPT when they think the staff is friendly quick to respond, and knowledgeable. This, in turn, makes them happier. The results show that travel services that are powered by AI need to include human-like features to build trust and connection with users. In real life, this means that travel companies should make AI chatbots that are more interactive and personalized to make users happier. This study adds to the growing body of AI literature in tourism by emphasizing the importance of anthropomorphism in shaping user experiences and long-term engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Hameed, Usman Nizam Ul Din, Babar Amin, Rashid Ahmad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financing the Future: The Role of Technology Budgets and Innovations in Driving Economic Growth in OECD Countries
The study analyzes the dynamic association among technology budgets, innovations and economic growth in 24 (OECD) countries. Based on the theoretical foundations of endogenous growth theory, the research employing panel data for the period 1995 to 2024 by utilizing econometric techniques such as Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL), causality tests and cointegration analysis. The study used GDP as dependent variable while R&D Budget, Patents, Labor Force Participation Rate, Gross Fixed Capital Formation and Institutional Quality Index taken as independent variables. As global economies increasingly rely on knowledge-based development, the strategic allocation of public and private funds toward R&D budget and technological innovation has emerged as a crucial determinant of long-term productivity and growth. The findings conclude that strategic investments in R&D and innovation, infrastructure drive productivity and competitiveness. Policymakers aiming to optimize fiscal strategies for technological transformation and sustainable development in advanced economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reema Jamal, Raima Nazar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating the Path to Sustainable Energy Consumption: A Second-Generation Panel Cointegration Approach to Measuring Price and Income Elasticity of Energy Demand in Europe
Achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of affordable and clean energy and climate action requires a deep understanding of energy consumption patterns and their responsiveness to various macroeconomic variables. This study investigates the long-run price and income elasticities of electricity and natural gas demand across European Union member states, disaggregating consumption into household and non-household sectors. Employing second-generation panel cointegration techniques, including Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators, we address cross-sectional dependence and unobserved common factors to provide robust elasticity estimates. Our findings reveal that energy product prices exhibit negative but rather inelastic effects on demand, with household sectors showing greater sensitivity than non-household sectors. Sectoral income, however, plays a more dominant role, significantly influencing long-term energy consumption trends across both the sectors. These results underscore the necessity of differentiated policy approaches, where price-based incentives enhance household energy efficiency, while income-driven strategies support sustainable industrial growth. The study contributes to the literature on energy demand modeling and provides policymakers with actionable insights for designing effective energy pricing and sustainability policies. Future research should explore the impact of technological advancements and regulatory interventions on energy consumption elasticity in the context of evolving energy markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naeem Ur Rehman, Maryam Ishaq http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Pathway from Talent Attraction to Creative Self-Efficacy: Career Satisfaction as a Mediating Mechanism
The extant study sought the prevalence of Talent Attraction (TA), and its impact on Creative Self-Efficacy (CSE) together with Career Satisfaction (CS). The approach used is inclusive – the assumption that all FLMs are the talented in private banks in Sindh, Pakistan. The hypothetical causal relationships are supported with the Resource Based View Theory. The methodology contains a positivism philosophy, hypothetical deductive approach. It is therefore, quantitative with a survey based design and cross-sectional form in time horizon. For the collection of data five point Likert Scale was adapted from previous studies. The population in the study is frontline managers (FLMs) working in top ten private banks of Sindhi, Pakistan. While, the sampling technique includes probability sampling with random selection method for the research. The sample size is specified at 375 responders out of an absolute population of 5367 FLMs. The data analysis and interpretation involved SPSS and SmartPLS. Firstly, the measurement model was assessed for internal consistency, reliability, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity. Secondly, structural model was evaluated for collinearity diagnosis, path coefficient, explanatory power, predictive power, and the model fit. This led to the final results and discussions of the extant study. The study's findings show positive hypothesized relationship of talent attraction practices with career satisfaction of front-line managers (FLMs) in private banks. The career satisfaction also positively predicted the creative self-efficacy of front-line managers (FLMs) in private banks. Similarly, career satisfaction positively mediated the relationship between talent attraction creative self-efficacy. According to results one hypothesis, about the positive prediction of talent attraction on creative self-efficacy, was rejected. Therefore, private banks must develop their effective talent attraction strategy for Frontline Managers (FLMs) to exhibit career satisfaction. These efforts must then translate long-term career satisfaction to facilitate strong creative self-efficacy. HR practices need to develop a talent based work culture which necessarily improves career satisfaction, and allows FLMs’ drive and innovative potential to thrive.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asghar Ali Bhutto, Zulfiqar Haider Zaidi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Community-Based Participation on Sustainable Tourism Development: Mediating Effect of Local Support through a Structural Equation Modelling Approach
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between the community-based participation (CBP) and sustainable tourism development (STD), with the particular focus on mediating role of the local support. The core objective of this current study, is to explore that how society involvement contributes in the effectiveness of sustainable tourism initiatives. On the bases of primary data collected through an empirical survey of 150 local residents from south Punjab of Pakistan. This study also helps to reveals the significant and positive connection between the community-based participation and sustainable tourism development. The simple random sampling technique applies for this study. Furthermore, the finding of this study indicate that local support mediates this relationship and suggesting the main acting endorsement and involvement of the local people help to enhance the sustainability of the tourism development. The results of this study, underscore the importance of inclusive community involvement which helps to impower the local stakeholders and local leaders to make the successful tourism outcomes. The theocratical implementation of this study adds the value by demonstrating the local support operate as a critical intermediary, reinforcing the link between the local people’s involvement and sustainable tourism practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Yousaf, Tasawar Javed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Gender Diversity on Sustainability Performance
The inclusion of gender diversity has become an essential element in advancing sustainability within corporate practices and governance. However, gender diversity is a critical issue among the Pakistani organizations. This research examines the influence of gender-diverse leadership on business decision-making, sustainability initiatives, and overall organizational effectiveness by aggregating results from 67 empirical studies published between 2020 and 2024, all obtained from the Wiley Online Library. In addition, this study considered the effect of gender diversity on sustainability performance by using primary data collected by using questionnaire surveys. By using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), it is found that the organizations that feature diverse leadership teams tend to implement robust sustainability policies, enhance stakeholder engagement, and attain better financial and environmental results. Furthermore, results revealed the positive effect of gender diversity on sustainability performance. These findings highlight the significance of promoting gender diversity in leadership roles to foster long-term value and sustainable business practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Mushtaq http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Storytelling as a Pedagogical Tool: Assessing the Impact on Vocabulary Acquisition in Pakistani Multilingual ELT Classrooms
The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of digital storytelling in enhancing vocabulary acquisition among multilingual undergraduate ESL learners in Pakistan. Digital Storytelling has gained recognition in English language teaching, yet its potential in resource-limited contexts like Pakistan remains underexplored. Existing research largely emphasizes communicative competence and motivation, overlooking empirical evidence on vocabulary retention. This study bridges this gap by investigating the effectiveness of DST-driven ELT practices in enhancing vocabulary retention. Quantitative data was collected using an experimental research design, 60 students are divided into two groups: control group receiving traditional instruction and experimental group engaging with DST-based learning. Over eight weeks, pre- and post-tests measure learning outcomes, analyzed through statistical methods such as mean, median, and t-tests. Grounded in the Multiliteracies framework, Constructivist learning theory, Social learning theory, and Cognitive load theory, the study supports a multimodal, experiential approach to ELT. It anticipates that DST will facilitate the implicit acquisition of vocabulary items through contextualized learning, leading to improved retention and engagement. Findings contribute to language teaching methodologies, curriculum development, and teacher education programs, advocating DST as a learner-centered pedagogical tool. By integrating DST into ELT, this study provides a more inclusive and interactive learning experience, particularly for ESL students struggling with grammar and vocabulary acquisition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alveena Farooq, Shahabullah, Aftab Hussain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Rhetoric of Deception: A Critical Analysis of Propaganda Language on Social Media
This study examines the spread of propaganda through social media discourse, focusing mainly on language. Propaganda, as defined as a purposeful, planned attempt to influence perceptions, change beliefs, and direct behaviors, usually includes disseminating false information, and fake news. This study examined how one could use social media, namely Facebook, Twitter (X), and Instagram, to propagate propaganda while addressing political and governmental influence on media biases. This study utilized critical discourse analysis, specifically utilizing Norman Fairclough's framework, by applying it to social media examples. Given the qualitative approach to this study, we were able to see with greater clarity, emergent methods that propagandists may employ in the process of manipulating a public, relying on different rhetorical devices such as testimonials, bandwagoning, transfer, repetition, and appeals to emotion. The findings suggest the notable negative impact propaganda can have on individual and societal levels, highlighting the role language can have as a tool of propaganda. This study argues that enhancing media literacy and critical analysis of digital material are necessary policies to consider to alleviate the harmful aspects of propaganda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah, Zahra Nazim, Maleeha Nazim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Class Struggle and Theocratic Subalternity in The Spinner’s Tale by Omar Shahid Hamid: A Postcolonial Marxist Analysis
This study analyzes Omar Shahid Hamid’s influential work ‘The Spinner’s Tale’ through the lens of Postcolonial Marxism, highlighting the intersection of subalternity and theocracy in Postcolonial Pakistan. The research explores themes like power dynamics, class struggle, hegemony, state-imposed ideologies, and religion through two central characters – Omar Abbasi and Sheikh Uzair Ahmed. This study utilizes thematic analysis to explore class struggle, power dynamics, state-sanctioned ideologies, and theocratic subalternity. The study aims to highlight how state institutions like the police perpetuate social inequalities using Gramsci’s (2007) concept of hegemony and Althusser’s (2005) concept of Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs). This class division assisted the rise of extremism as a form of resistance to gain control and agency. The research claims that the novel dismantles the dichotomy of elite and lower working-class people or the colonizer and the colonized subjects, revealing the amalgamation of violence, ideology, and identity. The findings reveal that subalternity is imposed on the lower class by the prevailing forces while aiding the interests of the elite. This research contributes to the broader postcolonial narratives by enlarging the concept of subalternity beyond oppression through economic means and placing it in a theocratic framework. Finally, The Spinner’s Tale reflects the fractured Pakistani society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manahil Zafar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hurt to Healing: Exploring Forgiveness in Female Friendships
Friendship plays a crucial role in emotional well-being by offering companionship, support, and a sense of belonging. However, conflicts can emerge within closely knit friendships, leading to profound emotional distress and resentment, hence challenging one’s ability to forgive and heal. The study explores the process of forgiveness within the context of close female friendships, focusing on the emotional entanglements and challenges involved in this journey. Using a qualitative narrative research inquiry, six participants were recruited through a purposive sampling technique, engaging in semi-structured, in-depth interviews to gain deeper insights. Thematic analysis revealed six major themes including (a) Multifaceted nature of forgiveness, emphasizing the non-linear process of forgiveness; (b) anchors in female friendships including unconditional trust, emotional attachment and powerful shared memories; (c) breaking points in female friendships like betrayal, bullying, manipulation, hurt expectations and toll on self-esteem; (d) barriers to forgiveness like conflicted emotions, continuous remuneration, fear of recurrence, societal influence and unresolved confrontation; (e) coping strategies ranging from distraction techniques and religious guidance to social support and lastly (f) healing through forgiveness, offering inner peace, closure, personal growth and transformation in self-esteem. The findings offer insight into how forgiveness in female friendships is not only an interpersonal but also an intrapersonal act driven by a sense of self, memories, and adaptability. The study implies interventions to nurture emotional regulation, restoration, and enduring relationships among youth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fizza Nawaz, Zara Haroon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility, Financial Distress, and Firm Performance in an Emerging Market
The study explores the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Financial Distress (FD), and the Firm Performance (FP) in Pakistani, listed, non-financial corporations. This study uses data from year 2006 to 2023, collected from annual reports. To ensure a robust analysis, study undertakes Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Fixed Effect (FE) and Random Effects (RE) techniques. The findings imply that resource allocation for CSR not only achieves social duty but also maximizes value of shareholder value by enhancing FP. Alternatively, results show a significant and negative effect of FD on ROA. Which indicates that those corporations that are undergoing FD may face a downfall in their profits, reviling negative consequences of financial challenges. The study will help to investors, managers, and policymakers on how CSR boost the profitability of these corporations and uncovers the adverse effects of FD. The study also serves as a guide for policymakers and investors, informing them of the implications of FD on FP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naeem Khan, Ahsen Saghi, Maria Sultana, Muhammad Haroon Rasheed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Leadership Under Pressure: Contextual Barriers and Capacity-Building Needs of School Heads in South Punjab
Effective school leadership is pivotal to improving educational quality, especially in resource-constrained and underserved regions like South Punjab. The study seeks to examine the leadership strengths, weaknesses, and systemic challenges encountered by head teachers in Southern Punjab, offering strategic recommendations for enhancing educational development in the region. This qualitative study employed a phenomenological research design, with data collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 school leaders selected via purposive sampling. The data were analyzed with a thematic analysis method utilizing NVivo software. Findings revealed that, although school leaders possess essential leadership qualities, they commonly engage in the collaborative integration of vision and active participation in instructional planning to encourage joint team efforts. Insufficient autonomy, bureaucratic obstacles, and inadequate follow-up support post-training limit their effectiveness. QAED and the British Council are conducting leadership development projects; however, the training is centralized, generic, and lacks relevance to the specific contexts of local schools. Gender prejudices, contextual relevance, and inadequate monitoring hinder leadership effectiveness. It is recommended to use localized training, mentorship, and decentralized leadership frameworks to enhance school efficacy. However, longitudinal studies on the relationship between training and student performance in rural Pakistan are lacking.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farhat Nasim, Sobia Idrees, Sidra Ashraf, Muhammad Moin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the Well-being of TESOL Professionals: The Role of Job Satisfaction, Workload, Organizational Support, Autonomy, and Leisure Activities
Wellness of TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) professionals is of utmost importance because it is directly linked with the quality of their work and happiness. TESOL professionals, who usually teach English to non-native English speakers, are very important in enabling other people to learn a language and gain knowledge about different cultures. A well-informed TESOL practitioner in terms of his/her well-being is likely to be engaged, motivated, and active in job, which may result in higher job satisfaction and improved student outcomes. This study investigates how job satisfaction of TESOL practitioners influences their well-being, and how their workload and organizational support result in this. The research examines the influence of autonomy and leisure activity on the relationship between job satisfaction, workload, and TESOL professionals' well-being. Data were gathered from a sample of TESOL professionals using a survey and structural equation modeling used as the analysis method. The research concludes that job satisfaction has a positive influence on the well-being of TESOL professionals. The research also verified that workload and organizational support are the explanation for the relationship between job satisfaction and well-being of TESOL professionals. The research also verified that autonomy and leisure activities have the capability to influence the relationship between workload, job satisfaction, and well-being. Findings from the study show the influence of job satisfaction among TESOL professionals on well-being. Organizational support and workload have been discovered as the concerns of highest priority in the job satisfaction-well-being relationship. Autonomy and free time have also been discovered in the research to be determinants of the function they play in the job satisfaction-workload-well-being relationship of TESOL professionals. The results can guide policies and practices that optimize the good being of TESOL professionals and enhance the quality of their work.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maheen Khan, Wajeeha Rasheed, Hafiza Arooba Javed, Hafiza Maryam Anwar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Public Administration in Maritime Management – The Case Study of Pakistan
Modern practices of public administration provide a broad understanding of governing actors, mechanisms, and tools. The domain of maritime activities has many levels: international, regional, and national levels. The institutions of any states and non-governmental entities (both commercial and non-commercial) act together at these levels. All of these entities have a specific impact on maritime activities. This paper will discuss the situated importance of public administration (PA) in being the manager of the Pakistan maritime sector which is strategically critical to the nation, as marine trade is its primary method of importation and exportation. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology based on review of policy documents, scholarly literature, and institutional reports to analyze the role of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs (MoMA) and other agencies in the construct of the maritime governance. Particular focus is paid to Karachi Port, Port Qasim and Gwadar Port. The paper also finds its way into the most notable issues brought about by poor governance including over bureaucratic obstructions, institutional coordination, poor infrastructure, security threats and workforce shortages and whether the National Shipping Policy has been achieved. The review shows a weak or no inter-agency cooperation and judicious application of policy which affects competency and performance of the port. The analysis suggests greater institutional integration, investment in modern infrastructure, training of the workforce and good partnership with the hybrid public and private partnership (PPP) like CPEC. Pakistan is in a position to pursue the international practice of using these reforms to develop its maritime environment and can enhance its global trade capability by embracing the economically supportive services present in international maritime environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadia Sherazi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Phubbing and FOMO on Cognitive Overload in Married Couples
This quantitative research examines the psychological and relational effects of phubbing—the act of neglecting one’s partner in favor of mobile phone usage—and the fear of missing out (FOMO) on cognitive overload among married couples. It was hypothesized based on cognitive load theory and relational psychology and tested with correlation, multiple regressions. The sample was formed to include 200 married people with legal marriage partners who were between the ages of 21 and 55 years and lived with the spouse as well as being avoid smartphone users. The duration of marriage varied from 1 to 40 years. Participants who were undergoing divorce or separation, or who had been diagnosed with psychological or neurological disorders, were excluded to ensure the integrity of the sample. The findings indicated a strong positive correlation between FOMO and phubbing, thereby supporting Hypothesis 1. Regression analysis confirmed that both FOMO and phubbing were significant predictors of cognitive overload, thus validating Hypothesis 2. These findings underscore the cognitive and emotional repercussions of digital behaviors within marital relationships, highlighting the necessity for mindful technology use in intimate environments. Limitations include dependence on self-reported data, a gender-imbalanced sample, and a cross-sectional design, which limits causal inference. Future studies should explore longitudinal methods and more diverse samples to enhance the understanding of digital disruptions in relational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fareeha Asif, Atif Rasool, Saira Majid, Ayesha Ishaq, Emaan Zainab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Effects of Employee Burnout and Strategies for Promoting Work-Life Balance and Preventing Burnout in Commercial Banks of Larkana
This study investigates at how employee burnout and work-life balance strategies relate to each other in commercial banks of Larkana Pakistan. The banking industry is becoming increasingly concerned about employee burnout, because the employee burnout results in reduced productivity and wellbeing. This study aims to examine the impacts of employee burnout and explore solutions for fostering work-life balance and preventing burnout in Larkana's commercial banks. All employees of Pakistan's commercial banks in Larkana City (N = 170). Using stratified random selection, 118 employees of microfinance banks in Larkana, Pakistan, were selected to measure employee burnout, work-life balance strategies, and burnout prevention. The online survey forms were given to the employees via email and WhatsApp, and Google Forms were utilized to gather their responses. Regression analysis is used with SPSS software to look at the relationships between the independent components and employee burnout. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients of 0.886 show that each scale had good internal consistency. The study discovered that bank workers had significant rates of burnout. Employee burnout, however, was adversely linked with strategies for promoting work-life balance (SFPEWLB) and preventing burnout (SFPEB). Employee burnout was significantly predicted by SFPEB and SFPEWLB, according to regression analysis. The study emphasizes how crucial it is for Larkana's commercial banks to have work-life balance and burnout prevention measures in place. By giving priority to work-life balance policies, flexible work schedules, employee support, stress management tools, mental health assistance, and frequent employee recognition, organizations can lower employee burnout. Banks can improve worker well-being and productivity by encouraging work-life balance and reducing burnout.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ayoob, Abdullah Shah, Abdul Razaque, Tabassum Iqbal, Safdar Nadeem http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultivating Entrepreneurs: Unpacking the Interplay of Ecosystem, Support, and Attitude in Driving Entrepreneurial Action
This study investigates how perceptions of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), educational support (PES), and institutional support (PIS) influence entrepreneurial behavior (EB) through the mediating role of attitude toward entrepreneurship (ATE). Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior and institutional theory, we propose an integrated model tested with data from 450 university students in Gujranwala, Pakistan, using structured questionnaires and regression-based mediation analysis. Results demonstrate that all three environmental factors significantly enhance entrepreneurial attitude, with educational support emerging as the strongest antecedent. Attitude itself powerfully predicts entrepreneurial behavior. While both the entrepreneurial ecosystem and educational support exhibit significant direct effects on behavior alongside their indirect effects through attitude, institutional support operates exclusively through attitude mediation, showing no direct impact on entrepreneurial actions. The findings confirm full mediation for institutional support: Its influence on behavior is entirely channeled through cultivating favorable entrepreneurial attitudes. In contrast, ecosystem perceptions and educational support demonstrate partial mediation, maintaining complementary direct effects on behavior beyond their impact on attitude. This highlights context-driven pathways, where institutional support functions primarily as a risk-mitigating attitude shaper in emerging economies with perceived institutional voids, while ecosystem and educational factors concurrently enable action through both psychological and resource-based pathways. The study advances entrepreneurship theory by integrating macro-environmental and micro-psychological perspectives, revealing distinct mechanisms through which support structures translate into venture creation. Practical implications emphasize: Prioritizing attitude cultivation in entrepreneurship education programs; enhancing visibility of ecosystem resources to strengthen perceived support, and addressing institutional barriers to improve risk perceptions among nascent entrepreneurs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeeshan Ahmad, Aamar Ilyas, Ahmed Hussain Khan, Usman Haider http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions and Social Identity of Women in Policing: A Qualitative Exploration
Policing in Pakistan remains a predominantly male-dominated profession, making the presence of women in this field a challenge to traditional gender roles. Despite increased representation, female officers continue to face entrenched stereotypes and institutional barriers that shape both their professional identity and public perception. This study explores how women in policing are socially constructed and how they perceive their own roles, drawing insights from focus group discussions with policewomen, adolescent girls, parents, and members of the general public. Using a qualitative exploratory design, the study conducted 40 semi-structured focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was guided by Social Representation Theory and Social Identity Theory. Key themes that emerged included persistent gender stereotypes, identity negotiation in leadership roles, and structural barriers rooted in cultural myths. While participants expressed admiration for female officers, the societal and institutional inequalities were evident. Findings highlight the need to redefine policing competence to include emotional intelligence and inclusive leadership qualities. The study advocates for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies, public awareness campaigns, and systemic reforms to support meaningful participation of women in law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shabana Parveen, Bushra Hassan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pakistan and Iran Relations A Research on Cultural Dimensions
Pakistan and Iran disseminate deep-rooted intra-cultural and religious bonds that have especially created bilateral connections since the birth of Pakistan. The influence of Shi'a Islam in Iran and a substantial Shi'a minority in Pakistan anchored in joint Islamic roots, both countries exhibit strong connections in the Muslim world. These bonds are different and improved by a long-standing cultural conversation embedded in the Urdu and Persian languages, literary works, art, and Sufism, which historically linked the territories long before modern borders appeared. Likewise, Persian served as the administrative language in the Indian subcontinent for centuries, having a long-lasting influence on Urdu poetry and intellectual traditions in Pakistan. Similarly, conveyed religious remembrances, such as Ashura, and cultural segments, like Nowruz, are celebrated and respected in both societies. Cultural diplomacy and religious affinity continue to promote people-to-people relations, academic alliances, and regional partnerships. It explores how people-to-people exchanges, cultural festivals, and exchanges contribute to the promotion of reciprocal wisdom and benevolence between these two countries The paper discusses the cultural dimensions creating a bridge of diplomacy and religious roots for regional collaborations between both countries, interpreting the historical growth and modern significance in regional collaborations and identity formation. This paper employs descriptive methods based on secondary data which pivotal for the proposed study. This study aims to shed light on the definite relations through rigorous literature analysis and diving into reliable and authentic sources such as international journals, books, diplomatic reports, national, and international newspapers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehana Kausar Arain, Deedar Hussain Khatti, Tarique Hussain Keerio http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship Between Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools and Conceptual Understanding among Undergraduate Students
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and the conceptual understanding of undergraduate students, and to explore the frequency and purposes of AI tool usage among them. A quantitative correlational design was used, collecting survey data from 298 undergraduate students from two public universities; The Islamia University Bahawalpur and The Govt Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The data covered students’ AI usage patterns and their self-perceived conceptual understanding. Findings showed moderate to high levels of AI tool usage, primarily for academic support, assignment writing, and clarification of complex topics. A significant positive correlation was observed between AI tool usage frequencies and perceived conceptual understanding. While AI tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini have potential to enhance learning, the results highlight risks of superficial engagement and overreliance. Structured AI integration policies in higher education are recommended to ensure meaningful and sustainable learning outcomes and guide teachers how to use Artificial Intelligence tools in the classroom to get students more interested and help them remember what they learn.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farzana Shaheen, Sualeha Zafar, Sidra Rasheed, Ume Farwa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Does Trade liberalization widen Residual Wage Gap in Pakistan? A Sectoral Perspective
Between 1988 and 2005, Pakistan's trade policy saw significant transformations. This study examines the impact of trade liberalization (TL) on the residual wage gap (RWG) across manufacturing sectors, utilising micro-level datasets of Pakistan from 1990 to 2005. Neoclassical theory posits that TL enhances external competitiveness in developing nations, resulting in a reduction of the gender pay gap. The advantageous impact of TL on the RWG is illustrated using a two-step estimation method. Initially, we employ the methodologies of Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) to ascertain the RWG at sectoral levels. Subsequently, we utilise Fixed Effect (FE) and Random Effect (RE) models. The overall findings indicate a correlation between TL (measured by the fall in import tariffs) and RWG. TL is closely associated with the widening residual pay disparities across various sectors in Pakistan. The government should consider that new long-term plans must positively respect the TL.
Copyright (c) 2025 Basit Usman, Zahid Ullah Khan, Jabbar Ul- Haq, Rajinder Parkash, Sadriddinov Manuchehr Islomiddinovich http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Controlling Inflation during Normal and Crisis Periods: An ARDL Analysis for Pakistan
This paper examines how well monetary policy has worked to limit inflation in Pakistan between 2000 and 2024, considering the COVID-19 epidemic and the global financial crisis of 2008. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is used to evaluate the dynamics in the short and long term. The findings highlight the monetary policy rate's function as a key policy tool by showing that it significantly reduces inflation over the long term. Both the currency rate and the policy rate have a major impact on inflation in the short term, with the latter having long lasting consequences due to its delayed term. The error correction term corrects 77% of the disequilibrium per year, indicating a quick rate of adjustment. Stability tests verify parameter constancy during times of crisis, while diagnostic tests verify the lack of heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and non-normality. The main goals of policy recommendations are to improve the efficiency of money supply mechanisms, control exchange rate volatility, and strengthen interest rate transmission.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaeema Farooq, Furrukh Bashir, Fouzia Aslam, Sidra Bano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Econometric Insights into Economic Growth, Poverty and Social Protection in Asia: A Fresh Evidence
The current research undertakes an empirical investigation into the effects of social protection and poverty on economic growth across varying income levels in the Asian context employing a balanced panel dataset covering the years 2005 to 2021. For this purpose, this analysis employs fixed and random effects estimations guided by the outcomes of the Hausman test. The empirical outcomes reveal distinct patterns across income groups as poverty exerts a negative and significant impact on economic growth in high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and overall Asian nations. Social protection exhibits positive and significant effect on economic growth in all income groups and in overall Asia except high income countries where it is insignificant. Labor has positive significance and governance has a negative significant impact on economic growth in all income groups and overall Asia except upper middle-income countries where both these indicators are insignificant. Capital is positive yet insignificant in all income groups and overall Asia except upper middle-income countries where it is positive and has significant impact on economic growth. Consequently, the study advocates for an increase in social security spending to bolster consumption for the sake of poverty reduction and consequently foster economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arooj Asif, Asma Awan, Ismat Nasim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Translation in Language Teaching: Insights from Pakistan’s English Language Lecturers
In Pakistan’s English language classrooms, translation remains a practical yet contested pedagogical tool. While academic discourse has often marginalized Translation in Language Teaching (TILT) in favor of exclusive target language (L2) instruction, emerging research highlights its potential to strengthen linguistic competence by strategically linking learners’ first language (L1) with L2. This qualitative study examines the perceptions and practices of eight English language lecturers from government colleges in Karachi, alongside students’ views, regarding the use of translation in English language teaching. Data were gathered through semi-structured lecturer interviews and anonymous end-of-year student feedback questionnaires, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework. Findings reveal strong support for TILT when applied selectively, recognizing its value as a facilitative tool for L2 learning while cautioning against over-reliance. The study underscores TILT’s pedagogical relevance in resource-constrained contexts and recommends future research on structured, balanced integration of translation within communicative and immersive L2 teaching approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nida Zehra Abbas, Shazia Noman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emotional Intelligence and Counterproductive Work Behavior of Employees Working in Public Sector Organizations: Mediating Role of Organizational Justice
This study focused on the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), perceived organizational justice (OJ), and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), and of public sector employees. The study adopted cross-sectional survey design, to select the sample of 250 employees from the public sector organizations of Pakistan. Both male employees (n = 128) and female employees (n = 121) were included. The respondents filled the indigenous version Urdu translated of the Emotional Intelligence (SRMEI), the Organizational Justice Scale, and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale. The reliability analysis revealed that all the scales and subscales are reliable and valid measures. The correlation analysis showed that EI positively correlates with organizational justice and negatively correlates with CWB. Moreover, mediation results demonstrated a significant negative role of organizational justice in mediating the association between EI and CWB. The results of mediation suggested that higher emotional intelligence resulted higher perception of organizational justice, which is related to the lesser counterproductive work behavior of public sector employees. Additionally, emotional self-awareness and emotional self-regulation as subcomponents of EI emerged better mediators for counterproductive work behaviors as compared to interpersonal skills. The findings help to support the significance of building emotional intelligence skills and fairness in HR-related policies and practices to decrease the occurrence of deviant/counter productive work behavior of employees in the public sector organizations. The research has provided empirical support for the indigenous contextual evidence in understanding better emotional self-awareness and self-regulation of employees at workplace, facilitating for their perception of fairness in the organization to minimize counter productive work behavior. Overall, this study offers novel evidence for understanding the relation of emotional intelligence as individual differences with counterproductive work behavior as individual outcomes through the perceptual experience of process (perception of organizational justice) from employee’s perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saba Khalid, Saima Kalsoom, Shizza Bukhari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fostering Emotional Intelligence among Students from Consanguineous Families: Teachers' Strategies
Students from consanguineous families may face unique emotional, social and psychological challenges due to genetic risks and rigid family systems. This study examines the role of teachers in supporting these students’ emotional development. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to collect data from 250 secondary school teachers in district Bahawalpur. A self- developed questionnaire was used to collect data from secondary school teachers. The questionnaire was categorized into three sections. The first section covered demographic information, the second section focused on the role of teachers in developing students' emotional intelligence and the third section explored specific approaches used by teachers to develop emotional intelligence. The results showed that teachers can play a key role in helping students to understand emotions, solve conflicts, and build empathy. This study also explored the influence of demographic factors like gender, school location, and teaching experience on the implementation of emotional intelligence strategies in the classroom. Findings revealed that female, urban, and experienced teachers employed EI strategies more frequently. However, some useful methods, such as involving parents and storytelling, were not widely practiced. The study highlights the need for more teachers training in EI, particularly for rural, male and newly appointed teachers. It also emphasizes the integration of culturally relevant methods and increasing parental involvement to create a more comprehensive support system for students from consanguineous families. Future studies should explore the impact of long-term strategies and the role of digital tools in fostering students’ emotional intelligence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Faraz, Muhammad Ramzan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Revisiting Output Employment Relationship in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation of Okun’s Law Using Rolling Regression
Economists have proven the negative relationship between GDP growth in the economy and the unemployment rate changes over time. This study uses the empirical application of Okun’s Law using time varying coefficients to test the relationship between economic growth and rate of unemployment over time. The study used time series data for the period from 1991 to 2023 from Pakistan, which was sourced from World Bank. In empirical analysis, the augmented dickey fuller test is employed to assess the unit root of the variables. Based on unit root results, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach followed by Error Correction Model (ECM) utilized to investigate short term and long-term significance of Okun’s law in Pakistan. The Okun’s law with time varying effects are estimated using the rolling regression approach. The ECM results demonstrates that there is a significant and negative relationship between GDP growth and unemployment in Pakistan in the long run, but the time varying coefficients reveals that Okun’s Law is not consistent over the analysis period. This work contributing to the corpus of knowledge in Pakistan by estimating Okun’s law using rolling regression. According to the study’s results, the Okun’s law in Pakistan is not stable over the study period. There is a need to develop employment generating policies other than only focusing to economic growth. The policy intuitions can consider FDI, Trade Openness, and financial development as key indicators for reducing unemployment in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Ilyas, Sana Butt, Najma Bibi, Faisal Muneer http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fostering Innovative Work Behavior in New Product Development Projects: A Theoretical Review
Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) is widely recognized as a driver of organizational competitiveness, particularly in New Product Development (NPD) projects where uncertainty and rapid change demand creativity and adaptability. Although a considerable amount of research has been done on IWB, most of the studies tend to focus on it by using only one theoretical perspective thus failing to establish a comprehensive picture of this multidimensional phenomenon. This paper provides a comprehensive review that synthesizes four influential perspectives, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the Theory of Innovation and Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT) into an integrative framework for explaining IWB in NPD contexts. The framework clarifies how self-efficacy and learning (SCT), motivational needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (SDT), organizational structures and entrepreneurial orientation (Innovation Theory), and transformational leadership practices (TLT) jointly shape employees’ innovative contributions in NPD projects. By combining these perspectives, the review moves beyond fragmented accounts of IWB to highlight the dynamic interplay of individual, motivational, organizational, and leadership factors. This synthesis advances theoretical clarity while offering practical guidance for managers seeking to foster innovation and creativity. The paper concludes by stating future research directions, which implies empirically testable hypotheses, that test cross-level mechanisms and interaction. Holistically, the framework contributes to the literature and points out the theoretical and practical importance of the knowledge on IWB in the context of the NPD settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khawaja Zeeshan Waheed, Muhammad Ishfaq Khan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Posthuman Identity and Gender in Hannu Rajaniemi’s The Quantum Thief
This research paper discusses posthuman identity and gender dynamics in Hannu Rajaniemi’s novel The Quantum Thief. A qualitative textual analysis is used to analyse the themes of subjectivity, gender, memory, and hybridity. Drawing on Rosi Braidotti's posthuman theory, the study explores how the chosen novel questions traditional humanist concepts of the self and gender. A comprehensive analysis of themes such as subjectivity, power, and gender has revealed how advanced posthuman technologies shape subjectivity and challenge traditional gender roles and norms. Characters such as Jean le Flambeau and Mieli are examined deeply, whose identities are influenced and shaped by technological advancements, systemic control, memory manipulation, and contested agency. The research outcomes emphasise the need to reassess human identity and gender in a technology-driven era. The findings contribute to the fields of posthumanism and gender studies. It can be especially helpful in science fiction studies, as it offers insights into the evolving nature of identity in a technologically advanced future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Talha Habib, Sana Tahir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mapping Legal Pluralism in Two Asian Jurisdictions: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Singapore
This article makes a comparative analysis of how Pakistan and Singapore manage to navigate in the legal ambit of pluralism within the dual framework of a centralized, common law-based legal system. Pakistan is a deeply-rooted, socially sedimented pluralism formed by Islamic law, ethnicity and informal justice. In contrast, Singapore controls limited pluralism through a technocratic system and highly centralized legal system. By studying both reforms and law-making, the article brings up institutional and ideological distinctions, ranging from the legal disorganization of Pakistan to the naturalization of legitimacy issues in Singapore. It analyzes how, properly handled, legal pluralism has the potential to promote legal innovation, strengthen state legitimacy and promote inclusivity in governance in postcolonial societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Asim Rafiq, M. Abu Bakar Chandia, Ali Arshian Jutt, Ali Istafa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growing Trend of Generation Z of Pakistan for Exchange/Scholarship Programs and Impact on Their Employability Status: An Analysis of Erasmus Mundus, UGRAD and Fulbright in the Light of Human, Social Capital and Transformative Learning Theories
The main focus of this study is to analyze the growing interest of the Generation Z of Pakistan in foreign exchange and scholarship programs such as Rasmus Mundus, UGRAD and scholarship program, Fulbright, and then evaluate their employability back him. Statistical data, reports and comments have been collected from the primary sources of data available with these programs on their websites and addresses. The study, then, compares the global statistics with that of Pakistani statistics covering participating trends and the results regarding jobs. To achieve better results, the research has been designed to utilize mixed method and application of three main theoretical perspectives; human capital of Becker, and Coleman, social capital of Bourdieu and Transformative learning of Mezirow. The findings of the analysis of the available statistics and data indicate that there is equally same average trend among the global and Pakistan Generation Z. It also becomes apparent that employability opportunities with good skills acquired in these programs such as adaptation, acculturation and other transferable soft skills have increased manifolds including wage average in the market. It also suggests that for pragmatic measures to be recommended, a longitudinal study including qualitative analysis of the impressions of alumni on a vast scale is required. However, the study has proved that the Generation Z of Pakistan is fully aware of the capital and social value of these programs and is hellbent on acquiring them as shown by the average increase in the trends of the successful students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hira Fatima http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adaptation vs Authenticity: Exploring the Consequences of Changing and Unchanging Human Nature on Individuals and Family Ties in Mother Courage and Her Children
Bertolt Brecht’s play Mother Courage and Her Children portrays the multiple-faceted dimensions of human nature through the characters of Mother Courage, Chaplain Eilif, Swiss Cheese, and Katherine. Through textual analysis of the play and by applying the lens of Albert Bandura’s Social Cognition Theory, the paper examines the alteration and steadfastness of human nature and their consequences. This play uses the setting of war as a destructive power that influences human nature as it is shaped by society, culture, and environment. Mother Courage and Chaplin are the characters who transform their nature according to the dynamic sociopolitical landscape. In contrast, Mother Courage’s children Eilif, Swiss Cheese, and Katerine are the authentic characters who died but did not bend to the situation. Standing firm on the values, beliefs, and one’s true self costs the highest prize, whereas compromising on the values and oneself saves life but shatters family ties and corrupts the individual's existence. The paper asserts that adaptation secures survival but has the possibility to contaminate moral values, while authenticity sustains integrity with an immense personal toll.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Muazzam Sharif, Aleena http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bridging the Gap: An ESP-Based Needs Analysis of Environmental Sciences Students in Pakistan
This study aims to explore the English language requirements of the Environmental Sciences students at the University of Gujrat (UOG) through a needs analysis in the context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) theory. Moreover, it investigated the extent to which the existing English language courses at UOG satisfactorily address the needs of Environmental Sciences students. It employs a mixed-method approach including questionnaires and interviews. One hundred and twenty students were approached for the quantitative phase of the study (questionnaires), and twenty students for the qualitative phase (semi-structured interviews). Descriptive statistics were analyzed on quantitative data using SPSS. Findings indicate that students have difficulty with scientific writing, oral communication, and technical vocabulary, and both teachers and students need a discipline-specific ESP course. The study recommends creating a customized English for Specific Purposes (ESP) program and highlights the need for collaborative teaching methods along with ESP-specific teacher training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naima Muzammal, Isra Irshad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the influence of Offline Store Design on Online Store Design: Moderating role of Channel Integration in Multichannel Fashion Industry
The development of internet technology has transformed the online shopping landscape, presenting customers with enhanced options during their purchasing experience, delivering superior products and services, and enabling businesses to establish an extra channel for growth. This study examines the dynamic association among offline Store Design (OFSD) and online Store design (ONSD), with the moderation effect of Channel Integration in Pakistan fashion industry. As the number of channels rises, the issues of synergies and coordination among various channels become more difficult to manage. The moderation of channel integration among offline Store design (OFSD) and online store design elucidates the conflicting outcomes in multichannel literature. The cross-sectional approach is used to collect data quantitatively. The survey distributed to 384 customers of various Pakistani online fashion enterprises, which collected using a simple random sampling technique. The findings show a significant correlation between offline store design and online store design ONSD with a moderating effect of channel integration. Consequently, businesses that operate across multiple channels need to acknowledge the significance of channel integration in terms of its ability to influence behavioral intentions during interactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Munaza Kanwal, Muhammad Rizwan Arshad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Muted Voices and Oppressed Bodies: An Intersectional Feminist Reading of Gendered Violence in Harold Pinter’s Mountain Language
This study investigates Harold Pinter’s play Mountain Language in a feminist and intersectional context to discover how the text demonstrates gendered violence, silencing, and organizing violence. This study's main argument is that language and suppression of language are a means of control, along with the fact that gender plays a significant role in identifying how the various individuals are victimized. Utilizing Judith Butler, bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak as my frameworks, I interrogate Pinter’s performance text as an intersectional consideration in which class, ethnicity, language, and sex all intersect and layer different forms of violence and oppression. Pinter's performance investigates an engagement with how bodies are gendered and racialized by state power while also showing how silence can be used for oppression, yet can also be understood as a means of resistance, paradoxically. Methodologically, the study employs close reading and textual analysis in order to examine the gender dynamics at play within Pinter’s dramatic style. It discusses the play’s spare language and disconnected dialogue in order to demonstrate how linguistic disempowerment operates on stage, highlighting the invisibility of women's suffering within a patriarchal, militarized context. In the end, this study ultimately argues that Mountain Language is not simply a representation of authoritarianism: it is a performance of it. By silencing its characters, especially the women, the play places the audience in a position of complicity in this act of erasure, compelling them to acknowledge their role in systems that line themselves up with the silencing of others.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amjad Ali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0